電梯控制系統的結構組成

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)包(bao)括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)拖(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)動(dong)(dong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)邏輯(ji)(ji)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)拖(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)動(dong)(dong)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)(bu)分主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)包(bao)括電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)垂直(zhi)方向主(zhu)拖(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)動(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)和(he)轎廂開(kai)關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，其性(xing)能對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)運(yun)行時乘客(ke)的(de)(de)(de)舒適感(gan)有(you)著重要(yao)(yao)影響。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)邏輯(ji)(ji)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)(bu)分則是由眾(zhong)多呼叫按鈕、傳感(gan)器、控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器、指示燈和(he)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)(bu)分的(de)(de)(de)核心器件(jian)(PLC)等組成，是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)安(an)全町(ding)靠運(yun)行的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵，是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)自動(dong)(dong)化程度的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)標(biao)志。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)拖(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)動(dong)(dong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)運(yun)行速(su)度為(wei)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)目標(biao)，以(yi)給(gei)定速(su)度曲線(xian)作為(wei)依(yi)據，利用(yong)模擬控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)裝(zhuang)置或(huo)數字控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)裝(zhuang)置，針對曳引電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)調(diao)速(su)方式(shi)構成閉環或(huo)開(kai)環的(de)(de)(de)速(su)度控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，從(cong)而實(shi)現(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)狀態的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)邏輯(ji)(ji)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)操縱調(diao)度為(wei)控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)目標(biao)，以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)空間距離(li)和(he)時間間隔的(de)(de)(de)嚴密(mi)配合(he)為(wei)依(yi)據，利用(yong)直(zhi)接或(huo)間接控(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)手(shou)段，完成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)運(yun)行過程的(de)(de)(de)協調(diao)動(dong)(dong)作，實(shi)現(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)服務(wu)運(yun)行的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全、高效、舒適。

電梯控制系統設計的思路

通過分(fen)(fen)(fen)析電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，首先選擇(ze)合(he)適的(de)(de)PLC。PLC是整(zheng)個控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)核心部件(jian)，它對保證系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)技術指標和質量是至關(guan)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)。根據系(xi)統(tong)(tong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)合(he)理(li)分(fen)(fen)(fen)配I/O接(jie)口，編制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)PLC的(de)(de)l/O地址分(fen)(fen)(fen)配表，并(bing)繪制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)I/O端(duan)子接(jie)線(xian)閑，最后(hou)編寫電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)軟件(jian)，其(qi)包括PLC控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)軟件(jian)和上位(wei)機控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)軟件(jian)。編制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)PLC控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)軟件(jian)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)深入了解電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)與主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)方法(fa)以及系(xi)統(tong)(tong)應(ying)完成(cheng)的(de)(de)動(dong)作、自動(dong)工(gong)作循環的(de)(de)組成(cheng)和必要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)保護等(deng)方面，可將(jiang)電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)任務分(fen)(fen)(fen)解為獨侈的(de)(de)幾個部分(fen)(fen)(fen)，利(li)用結構化(hua)模塊(kuai)化(hua)方法(fa)進行編程。人機界面的(de)(de)PLC控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，對電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)一管(guan)理(li)至關(guan)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。

電梯控制系統的軟件設計

電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軟件設(she)(she)計是(shi)(shi)PLC電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)環(huan)節。在其(qi)軟件設(she)(she)計過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中，一要堅(jian)持功(gong)能完(wan)善、面面俱到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原則(ze)，保(bao)證(zheng)電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)安(an)全有效地(di)運行(xing)(xing)；二要遵(zun)循(xun)結(jie)構簡練、易(yi)讀易(yi)改(gai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原則(ze)，盡量減(jian)少程(cheng)(cheng)序量，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)模塊化設(she)(she)計，充分利(li)用(yong)(yong)PLC中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種(zhong)指令優化程(cheng)(cheng)序，縮短PLC程(cheng)(cheng)序掃描(miao)時(shi)間，保(bao)證(zheng)電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精度。電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)實際上是(shi)(shi)一個人機(ji)(ji)交瓦式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)，并(bing)且電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)在運行(xing)(xing)中各種(zhong)輸入(ru)信(xin)(xin)號是(shi)(shi)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)機(ji)(ji)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，即存(cun)在很多不確定因(yin)素。同時(shi)又有大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自鎖，互鎖關(guan)系，故(gu)單純采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)順序控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不能滿足(zu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要求，因(yin)此電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)機(ji)(ji)邏(luo)輯方(fang)(fang)式(shi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，即在以(yi)順序邏(luo)輯控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)實現(xian)(xian)電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)要求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上，根據(ju)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸入(ru)信(xin)(xin)號，以(yi)及(ji)電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相應狀態適時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)(xing)。結(jie)合拖動系統(tong)(tong)(tong)，PLC接收來(lai)自操縱盤(pan)和(he)(he)每層的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)呼叫(jiao)信(xin)(xin)號、轎(jiao)(jiao)廂(xiang)和(he)(he)廳門系統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能信(xin)(xin)號以(yi)及(ji)井道(dao)和(he)(he)變頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀態信(xin)(xin)號，經程(cheng)(cheng)序判斷與(yu)運算實現(xian)(xian)電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集選控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。PLC在輸出(chu)(chu)顯示和(he)(he)監控(kong)(kong)信(xin)(xin)號的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)，根據(ju)隨(sui)(sui)(sui)機(ji)(ji)邏(luo)輯控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求，向(xiang)(xiang)變頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)發(fa)出(chu)(chu)運行(xing)(xing)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)、啟動、加／減(jian)速運行(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)動停梯(ti)(ti)(ti)等信(xin)(xin)號。由變頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)根據(ju)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)規律和(he)(he)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)算法來(lai)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)。同時(shi)，當系統(tong)(tong)(tong)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)故(gu)障時(shi)，PLC向(xiang)(xiang)變頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)發(fa)出(chu)(chu)信(xin)(xin)號，其(qi)中各個廳門和(he)(he)轎(jiao)(jiao)廂(xiang)操縱盤(pan)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)號通(tong)過(guo)廳門、轎(jiao)(jiao)廂(xiang)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)(qi)以(yi)串行(xing)(xing)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)送入(ru)PLC，完(wan)成(cheng)電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作全過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。

根據電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)氣(qi)控制(zhi)要求，電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)總是按(an)照(zhao)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)程序重復地進行(xing)(xing)(xing)動作(zuo)，電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)循環過(guo)程為：檢測呼叫／選(xuan)層信號，判斷電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)方向(xiang)，起(qi)動運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)，在(zai)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)過(guo)程中，要進行(xing)(xing)(xing)順向(xiang)截梯(ti)(ti)、呼梯(ti)(ti)和(he)轎內選(xuan)擇(ze)記憶(yi)等操作(zuo)，到(dao)達層站時，執行(xing)(xing)(xing)開門(men)、關門(men)程序。電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)在(zai)實際運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)中的(de)(de)(de)PLC控制(zhi)功能流程圖如圖4所示。PLC上電(dian)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)首先(xian)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)自(zi)檢，確定(ding)無(wu)故(gu)障后，開始控制(zhi)電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)。電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)情況可分(fen)為靜(jing)止和(he)運(yun)作(zuo)兩個(ge)狀態。

①在靜止狀態下(xia)(xia)電(dian)梯停于(yu)某層(ceng)，這時電(dian)梯所接受(shou)的(de)(de)信(xin)號有兩(liang)類：來自其它層(ceng)的(de)(de)呼叫信(xin)號，PLC根(gen)據呼叫信(xin)號的(de)(de)響應流程，做出(chu)上行(xing)或(huo)下(xia)(xia)行(xing)的(de)(de)決定，使曳引(yin)電(dian)機得電(dian)上升或(huo)下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)；電(dian)梯停靠的(de)(de)本層(ceng)有呼叫信(xin)號，則執行(xing)開關門的(de)(de)程序，而后根(gen)據選(xuan)層(ceng)信(xin)號，電(dian)梯上行(xing)或(huo)下(xia)(xia)行(xing)。

②電(dian)梯正在運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)態：如果是下(xia)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，只(zhi)響應(ying)(ying)下(xia)招(zhao)呼梯信號；上(shang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)只(zhi)響應(ying)(ying)上(shang)招(zhao)信號。電(dian)梯在運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)具有樓層指(zhi)示和上(shang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或(huo)下(xia)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的狀(zhuang)態指(zhi)示，這樣可(ke)以(yi)使(shi)轎廂內外的乘客清楚的知道(dao)電(dian)梯的運(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)態。

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